The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA) in sheep of the XI Region, Chile. The survey was carried out at the INDUCAR abattoir of Coyhaique, XI Region, Chile, during August and November 2002. A total of 1,397 sheep of different categories (lambs, hogget, ewes, wether and rams) from different sources and ages were examined. Age was estimated based on dental chronometry. Hot carcasses were examined by visual inspection and all the lymph nodes were palpated. The lungs, liver and kidney were also examined. The lymph nodes and organs with CLA - like lesions were removed and material from the periphery of the abscess was collected with sterile swabs, sotred in Stuart transport medium and sent to the Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences at the University Austral of Chile. Half lymph nodes samples were also sent weekly for culture. Positive cultures to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis were only obtained from lesions in adult animals. From 105 samples cultured, 81 were positive. The prevalence of CLA in the adult animals was 11.6% and decreased to 5.8% when the whole examined population was considered. The frequency of presentation of CLA increased with the age of the animals. The lymph nodes more frequently affected were the superficial lymph nodes (54.3%). Individually, the most commonly affected lymph nodes were the mediastinal (35.1%), followed by the prescapular nodes (30.8%). In relationship to the origin of the affected animal, most were from the Ñirehuao and Río Cisnes sheep farms and the Balmaceda and El Claro sectors (81.5%). Based in our findings of macroscopic lesions in the affected lymph nodes and lung and their positive cultures to C. pseudotuberculosis, it can be concluded that the disease Caseous Lymphadenitis is present in the XI Region of Chile.

El objetivo de este estudio fue diagnosticar la presencia de Linfoadenitis Caseosa (LAC) en ovinos de la XI Región, Chile. El estudio se realizó en la Planta Faenadora de Carnes Inducar de Coyhaique, XI Región, Chile, entre los meses de agosto y noviembre del año 2002. Se examinó un total de 1.397 ovinos de distintas categorías (corderos, borregas, ovejas, capones y carneros), edades y procedencias. La determinación de la edad se realizó mediante cronometría dentaria. El examen de las canales calientes se realizó mediante inspección y palpación de todos los nódulos linfáticos de la canal. También se examinaron el parénquima pulmonar, hígado y riñones. Los nódulos linfáticos y órganos que presentaron lesiones similares a las producidas por LAC fueron extraídos y se obtuvieron muestras de la periferia de ellos. El material obtenido fue incorporado a medio Stuart para su transporte. Además, muestras de mitades de los nódulos también fueron enviadas semanalmente al Instituto de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Austral de Chile. Sólo se obtuvieron cultivos positivos a Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis de animales adultos. De las 105 muestras enviadas para cultivo, 81 fueron positivas a LAC. La prevalencia de LAC en los animales adultos fue de un 11,6% y de un 5,8% al considerar la población total examinada. La frecuencia de presentación aumentó a medida que aumentaba la edad de los animales. Los nódulos linfáticos más frecuentemente afectados fueron los superficiales con un 54,3%. Al considerar los nódulos individualmente, los más afectados fueron los mediastínicos con un 35,1%, seguido de los preescapulares con un 30,8 %. Con respecto a la procedencia de los animales afectados, en su mayoría correspondían a las estancias Ñirehuao y Río Cisnes, así como del sector Balmaceda y El Claro (81,5%). En base a los hallazgos de lesiones macroscópicas de los nódulos afectados y a sus cultivos positivos a C. Pseudotu-berculosis, se concluye que la enfermedad linfoadenitis caseosa se encuentra presente en la XI Región, Chile

Os autores estudam a variação horária da temperatura do solo, às profundidades de 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 70, e 100 cm, durante dois períodos extremos, em solo terra-roxa-legítima desnudo, recoberto com gramado e com cobertura morta. As observações durante o período de novembro de 1954 a novembro de 1955, foram executadas com auxilio de geotermômetro de mercúrio, na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico em Ribeirão Prêto, Estado de São Paulo. Os autores mostram a importância da temperatura do solo na agricultura, e indicam a profundidade de 20 cm como de transição das grandes variações térmicas. Reconhecem duas zonas geotérmicas, uma superior, caracterizada pelas grandes oscilações térmicas, e outra inferior, onde as temperaturas oscilam entre valores muito próximos. Num estudo de diferenças consecutivas de temperaturas médias a diferentes profundidades, oferecem um subsídio para o reconhecimento das estações climáticas para aquela região.

Temperature data were collected at various depths (2, 5. 10, 20, 50, 70, and 100cm) in soil of the "terra roxa" type at Ribeirão Prêto Agr. Exp. Sta., São Paulo. The records were obtained from three adjoining areas, one bare, another planted to Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum Fluegge), and a third mulched with molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora Beauv.). Temperature determinations were made with geothermometers of mercury, giving direct readings with an approximation of 0.2ºC. Based on these data, the writers recognize two geothermic layers in the soil: (1) the upper 20 cm in which major temperature changes take place, and (2) the layers below 20 cm with minor changes and tendency to temperature uniformity. It is indicated that consecutive soil temperature readings taken at various depths are of value to help recognizing the seasonal changes, a cool and dry period from June to August and a warm and wet from September to April, separated ty transtional weather.